Blood Diamonds 血钻

     

漂亮么？  “钻石恒久远，一颗永流传”

女孩们想象一下有一天有个人拿起这枚漂亮的钻石戒子然后听到“请嫁给我吧”的时候， 一定会感动的不得了吧

象征的美好永久的爱情，钻戒似乎已经成为一个人结婚必不可少的环节。没有个钻戒，房子，现在的年轻人都不好意思结婚了呢。

不过很多人应该不知道钻石交易后面的残酷的事实。在电影《血钻》中，导演爱德华·兹威克还原一个发生在九十年代非洲塞拉利昂惨痛但是感人的故事。非洲大陆因为其丰富的矿产资源和混乱的政治，始终处于一个战乱的地区。每当一个稀有的矿石被发现，各种各样的势力会以血腥暴力的手段掠夺过来。一两场战争，毁灭几个村庄，死几千个人是很常见的事情。

有了矿，就必须要有矿工和看守者。这些军队领袖在占领一块地方的时候，通常先杀掉所有有抵抗能力的，然后把所有的男人和小孩集合起来。血腥的砍掉一些人的手和脚，去除所有潜在的危险也让剩下人的乖乖听话不敢起异心。失去自由的男人们会发配到矿里工作。过着人不像人鬼不像鬼的日子。重复做这挖矿，洗，筛选，在挖矿的日子，还要忍受这黑心长官的毒打。一旦被发现有私藏钻石的行为，只有死路一条，逃不出去。残喘苟活的在泥潭里越陷越深。更有的因为吞藏钻石，整个内脏都被钻石划破，内出血慢慢痛苦的死去。

                    

孩子则会被带到另外的地方进行洗脑般的训练。杀人，失去人性，军队会慢慢的把他们培养成跟杀人屠夫一样，不把人当成人看的机器。孩子们会慢慢学着拿起枪打死一个又一个没有抵抗能力的人们，成为之前毁灭他们美好生活罪恶根源军阀的手下。想象一下这些10来岁的孩子拿着枪扫射的样子吧，那该是有多恐怖。

                                       

这些军阀会用这些钻石换来的钱去购买武器，占领更多的钻石矿。一旦他们有了足够的金钱，他们就马上卷铺盖逃到欧洲等生活安稳的国家享受高质量的生活。而旧的钻石矿又会被新的独裁者占领，赚钱然后逃离这个没有希望的国家。不断循环着。归根到底，还是人民在承受这些苦难。

另一方面，钻石这个行业又跟世界的经济紧密的联系起来，不能一下子取缔掉。非洲的人民靠着钻石的收益勉强过活，一旦钻石没了，他们的生活将何去何从？哪里来的食物，生活物资还有工作让他们维持下基本的生活？很多人从矿工，到独裁者，到钻石加工，到收银员，几千万的人将会因此而失业。甚至有些国家依赖钻石出国来维持政府，钻石的消失将会对他们国家的体系造成巨大的影响，最终对整个世界的金融市场产生冲击 （钻石交易通常会介入大量的资金，财团...etc.)

但是当购买钻石的时候，钻石的来源是无法辨别的。这些军阀都很聪明，挖到钻石之后自己不负责出售，而是走私到Liberia 跟那里安全的钻石混在一起。任你有再好的科学技术也分辨不出来这是颗血钻。市面上加拿大，俄罗斯出产的钻石可信度比较高，不会是战争区出来的。但他们的价格也相对较高，所以一定要找信任的卖家，不然被坑了就完蛋咯。

观电影血钻及钻石的介绍有感。欢迎讨论。

Lu

各类食品材料中英文对照

A. 面粉类
麵粉／中筋麵粉  Plain flour /all-purpose flour低筋麵粉／低根粉  cake flour / soft flour / weak flour / low protein flour高筋麵粉／筋麵／根麵／高根粉  gluten flour / strong flour / bread flour / baker’s flour / high protein flour小麦面粉  Whole meal flour  全麥麵粉  whole wheat flour澄麵粉／澄粉／澄麵  non-glutinous flour / wheat flour / wheat starch自發麵粉  self- raising flour粗玉米豆粉  polenta / yellow cornmeal粟粉／粟米粉／玉米粉／玉米澱粉(太白粉?)   corn flour / cornstarch生粉／太白粉／地瓜粉  potato starch / potato flour樹薯粉／木薯粉／茨粉／菱粉／泰國生粉／太白粉／地瓜粉  Tapioca starch / tapioca flour蕃薯粉／地瓜粉  sweet potato flour臭粉／胺粉／阿摩尼亞粉／嗅粉  powdered baking ammonia / carbonate of ammonia / ammonia bicarbonate / ammonia carbonate / hartshorn發粉／泡打粉／泡大粉／速發粉／蛋糕發粉  baking powder蘇打粉／小蘇打／梳打粉／小梳打／食粉／重曹  baking soda / bicarb ofsoda塔塔粉／他他粉  cream of tartar卡士達粉／蛋黃粉／吉士粉／吉時粉／ custard powder卡士達／克林姆／奶皇餡／蛋奶餡  custard / pastry cream蛋白粉  egg white powder粘米粉／黏米粉／在來米粉／在萊米粉／再來米粉  rice flour糕仔粉  cooked rice flour糯米粉  glutinous rice flour / sweet rice flour鳳片粉／熟糯米粉／糕粉／加工糕粉  fried sweet rice flour / fried glutinous rice flour綠豆粉  mung bean flour / tepung hun kwee小麥胚芽／麥芽粉  wheat germ小麥蛋白／麵筋粉  wheat gluten酵母／酒餅  yeast／ibu roti麵包糠／麵包屑  breadcrumbs雜糧預拌粉  multi-grain flour

B. 糖类
黑蔗糖漿／糖蜜／甘蔗糖蜜  molasses金黃糖漿  golden syrup楓糖漿／楓樹糖漿／楓糖  maple syrup玉米糖漿  corn syrup／karo syrup葡萄糖漿  glucose syrup麥芽糖漿  barley maltsyrup／maltsyrup麥芽糖  maltose／malt sugar焦糖  carmael果糖  fructos乳糖  lactose轉化糖  invert sugar日式糙米糖漿  amazake綿花糖霜  marshmallow cream cream冰糖  rock sugar椰糖／爪哇紅糖  palm sugar／gula malacca黃砂糖  brown sugar紅糖／黑糖  dark brown sugar粗糖／黑砂糖  muscovado sugar金砂糖  demerara sugar原蔗糖  raw sugar／raw cane sugar／unrefined cane sugar白砂糖／粗砂糖  white sugar／refined sugar／refined cane sugar／coarse granulated sugar細砂糖／幼砂糖/ 幼糖  castor sugar / caster sugar（适用于做糕点）
糖份混合物  icing sugar mixture 糖粉  icing sugar／confectioners’ sugar糖霜／點綴霜  icing／frosting蜜葉糖／甜葉菊  stevia／honey leaf代糖／阿斯巴甜  aspartame／sweetener／sugar substitute什色糖珠 巧克力米／朱古力米  chocolate vermicelli巧克力削／朱古力削  chocolate curls巧克力珠／朱古力珠  choc bits／chocolate chips耐烤巧克力豆  choc bits (澳洲的英文名) / chocolate chips (美國、加拿大的英文名)
 C.

抹荼粉  green tea powder馬蹄粉  water chestnut flour葛粉  arrowroot flour杏仁粉  almond flour／almond mieal 海苔粉  ground seaweed

涼粉／仙草  grass jelly椰絲／椰茸／椰子粉  desiccated coconut／shredded coconut果子凍／果凍粉／啫喱  jelly魚膠粉／吉利丁／明膠  gelatine sheets／powdered gelatine　
大菜／大菜絲／菜燕／燕菜精／洋菜／洋菜粉／瓊脂  agar powder白礬  alum硼砂  borax石膏  gypsum鹼水／(木見)水/ 碳酸钾  alkaline water／lye water／potassium carbonate食用色素  food colouring香草豆／香草莢／香草片／香子蘭莢  vanilla bean／vanilla pod香草精／雲尼拉香精／凡尼拉香精  vanilla extract／vanilla essence香草粉  vanilla powder班蘭粉／香蘭粉  ground pandan／ground screwpine leaves／serbok daun pandan班蘭精／香蘭精  pandan paste／pasta pandan玫瑰露／玫瑰露精  rosewater／rosewater essence essence皮屑  grated zest／grated rind

D.

牛油／奶油  butter軟化牛油  soft butter 瑪珈琳／瑪琪琳／乳瑪琳／雅瑪琳／人造奶油／菜油  margarine 起酥油／起酥瑪琪琳  pastry margarine / oleo margarine 豬油／白油／大油／板油  lard / cooking fat酥油／雪白奶油  shortening硬化椰子油  copha椰油  Creamed Coconut

烤油  dripping

牛油忌廉  butter cream淡忌廉  light cream／coffee cream／table cream鮮奶油／忌廉／鮮忌廉  cream／whipping cream包括﹕1 light whipping cream
      2 heavy whipping cream／heavy cream／thickened cream
      3 double cream／pure cream酸奶油／酸忌廉／酸奶酪／酸乳酪  sour cream酸奶   butter milk牛奶／鮮奶／鮮乳  milk奶粉  powdered milk / milk powder花奶／淡奶／奶水／蒸發奶／蒸發奶水  evaporated milk煉奶  condensedmilk／sweetened condensed milk起士／起司／芝士／乳酪／奶酪／乾酪／乳餅  cheese起司粉  powdered cheese奶油起司／芝士忌廉／奶油乳酪／凝脂乳酪  cream cheese瑪斯卡波尼起司／馬司卡膨起司／馬斯卡波涅起司／義大利乳酪  mascarpone cheese優格／乳果／酸奶／酸乳酪  yoghurt優酪乳  yoghurt drink／drinking yoghurt

E.

麵包／麵飽  bread土司麵包／吐司  toast法式吐司  french toast裸麥麵包  rye bread派／批  pie塔／撻  tart凍派／凍批  cream pie

蛋塔  egg tart / custard tart法式蛋塔  quiche lorraine戚風蛋糕  chiffon cake海綿蛋糕  sponge cake泡芙  choux pastry / puff瑪琳／焗蛋泡  meringue蛋蜜乳 eggnog可麗餅  crepe煎餅／熱餅／薄烤餅  pancake厚鬆餅  pikelet / hotcake墨西哥麵餅  tortillas曲奇  cookies慕斯／慕思  mousse布甸／布丁  pudding司康／比司吉 scones舒芙蕾  souffles洋芋塊  hash brown英式鬆餅／瑪芬麵包  english muffin鬆糕／瑪芬  american muffin　
格子鬆餅  waffle手指餅乾  sponge fingers / ladyfingers / savoiardi (義大利名)蘇打餅干  saltine crackers威化餅乾  wafer biscuit

F. 干果/果脯

腰子豆／腰果／腰果仁／介壽果  cashew nut花生  peanut瓜子／南瓜子  pepitas / dried pumpkin seeds崧子／松子仁  pine nut栗子  chestnut干粟子  dried chestuts 核桃／核桃仁／合桃／胡桃  walnut杏仁／杏仁片／扁桃  almond北杏／苦杏仁  apricot kernel / chinese almond / bitter almond南杏  apricot kernel榛果／榛仁  hazelnut / filbert / cobnut開心果／阿月渾子  pistachio堅果／澳洲堅果／夏威夷果／澳洲胡桃／澳洲栗／澳洲核桃／昆士蘭龍眼／昆士蘭栗macadamia / california nut山胡桃／胡桃  pecan石鼓仔／馬加拉／油桐子  candlenut / buah keras白果／銀杏  ginkgo nut罌粟子  poppy seed亞答子  atap seed

乾椰絲  dessicated coconut 龍眼乾／龍眼肉／桂圓／圓肉  dried longan葡萄乾  raisin / dried currant無花果乾  dried fig柿餅  dried persimmon桃脯  dried peach杏脯  dried apricot蘋果脯／蘋果乾  dried apple蜜漬櫻桃／露桃／車梨子 glace cherry／candied cherry蜜漬鳳梨  glace pineapple／candied pineapple糖水批把  Loquats in syrup

杏子酱  Apricot jam

杏桃果膠  apricot glaze水蜜桃罐頭  peaches in syrup 切片水蜜桃罐頭  sliced peaches in syrup綜合水果罐頭  cocktail fruit in syrup　

G.

味精monosodium glutamate

醋  vinegar白醋(工研醋)  rice vinegar 白醋  white vinegar (西洋料理用的)烏醋  black vinggar酱油  soy sauce

蚝油  oyster sauce

麻油  sesame oil

白酒  white spirits

加饭酒  rice wine

桂花酒  osmanthus-flavored wine

芝麻酱  Sesame paste

辣椒醬  chili sauce牛頭牌沙荼醬  bull head barbecue sauce/Chinese barbecue sauce 南乳  ermented red beancurd薑粉  ginger powder调味蕃茄醬  ketchup蕃茄醬  tomato sauce (普通甜的)蕃茄醬  tomato paste (義大利料理用的)豆辦醬  chilli bean sauce
XO醬  XO sauce豆豉  salt black bean 

薏米  pearl barley西贾米  Sago

沙莪粒／西米／小茨丸  pearl sago／pearl tapioca

紅豆沙／烏豆沙  red bean paste綠豆片  split mung bean芝麻  Sesame Seeds  

蓮子  lotus seed蓮蓉  lotus　paste栗蓉  chestnut puree / chestnut paste蜜棗  preserved red dates紅棗  chinese red dates棗泥  red date paste百合  dried lily bulb金针  Tiger lily buds

陳皮  dried orange peel／dried tangerine peel豆腐  Tofu  腐竹  dried beancurd sticks

腐皮  beancurd sheet

酸菜  pickled mustard-green 蒸山芋  steamed sweet potatoes

咸黄瓜  salted cucumber

脱水蒜粒  dehydrated garlic granules

冬菇  dried black mushroom 木耳  Mu-er

黑木耳  black fungus / wood ear fungus / dried black fungus海带  sea vegetable / Sea weed

燒海苔  toasted nori seaweed / roasted seaweed sushi nori板海苔  nori seaweed / dried sea laver燕菜  agar-agar

蝦米  dried shrimp鱼干  dried fish

鹹蛋黃  salted egg yolk

皮蛋（糖心/ 硬心） preserved duck eggs (soft and hard yolk)

咸鸭蛋 salted duck eggs

牛肉粒  dried beef cubes

牛肉片  dried beef sliced

猪肉松  dried pork floss

腊鸭  preserved duck

鸭肫干preserved duck gizzard

烤鸭  roasted duck

方便面  instant noodles

面条  noodles

米粉  rice-noodle粉丝  silk noodles

餛鈍皮  wonton wrapper/wonton skins水餃皮  dumpling wrapper / dumpling skins /gyoza wrapper. 春捲皮  spring roll wrapper , egg roll wrapper......

German History Review Guideline

Goal for this review blog:  practice summary skills & get ready for the test
Test will not have an essay, but half of it will be thought questions which we have to incorporate our class materials with certain understanding to get it correct.


1. Definition

Prussia: one of many independent states and it later united all German state into "Germany"in 1871by its victory over France
Kaiser: the emperor of Germany, first used after unity
Bismarck: a important person that guide the unification, but forced to retired in 1890
Reichstag: German's govt. body, which has limited influence in military and foreign policy
Socialism: a ideal by Marx that points out worker should be the ruling group
Workers own the mean of production, but they don't have private property and have a miserable; Revolution is inevitable
Revisionist socialism: working class should seek justice though democratic means (negotiate)
  "Ballots, not bullets"- this group try to avoid the war as much as possible.
19th cent. Liberals: a group of people who believed in individual freedom and rights, govt. and constitution as the main force in promoting justice, education, and progress, equality and no priviliages, and free trade
Social Class at that time: determine by title not by wealth
  Upper: P.174 people w/ “von,” who get money from land, factories…etc.
  Middle: everybody from capitalist millionaires (from IR)
  Lower: “proletariat” such as factory workers, miners, farm workers

Five big powers: German, Russian, France, Britain, Austria

2. German unification and Bismarck

Bismarck tried to make new Germany looked less aggressive to other nations in Europe by assigning many peace treaties. He did not with to see all of these nations allied against German. He put his effort especially on the peace treaty with Russia, which kept German out of two-front war with France, and Austria, which will be German's ally. However, there are still some thoughts that challenged his ideas. People thought they were lagging behind in the establishment of overseas colonies and navy power, especially to that of in British. This expansionists spirit also fostered the war sentiment (w/ France, inevitably) that eventually break the balance. Along with the poverty gap (old class ideas of title and privileges  and pressure from socialism movement, Bismarck, in the end, was not in favor of the mainstream and forced to resigned. 

3.  The new Kaiser, Wilhelm II
He has a hero figure, military badges on his clothes, is a idealized dreamer, and has a severe injury on his arm. As he became German's leader, he not only "expelled" Bismarck and his strategy but also raised tariff over grains, giving lots of influence to the landowning class. But there is a huge lack of unity among the shifts he brought. The conflict in free-trade (liberals vs. landowners), classes (noble & middle class - $ & influence), favor of military (liberals, socialism, and young generation), and identities (old vs. new).  Yet, regardless of the difference b/w people, Kaiser continued his "new course" in navy build up and oversea colonizations. Kaiser thought himself as the successor of the Holy Roam Empire, and wanted his whole empire to be admired.   

4. Tension Arise 
As 

Diamond Wars

Blood Diamond, or War Diamond, is the source of conflict in South Africa areas. The potential behinds the mining business can drive people so crazy that they are willing to risk their life for it.
In 1975 Diamond Wars between Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), it involved Cuban, South African army and even U.S. Although the war ceased in the second year, UNITA control part of the diamond mine with a yield of $600 million a year that makes its opponent jealous. A 24-karat pink worth $10 million when they sold it in 1995. A army is necessary to

Notes in College App.

Doubt => study (to clarify the decision) => use =>  advance
Do the work rather than let the doubt and fear stop your way
Always questioning. Things that look relevant might not be correct, but sometimes it is more difficult to find and most people ignore it.
I determine my own future
Application is just a small section of life. the outcome will affect much, but it will be a good chance to deal with real life competition. Since in this process, everyone has to “sell” themselves out to the professors.